What are the specific requirements for the performance of EU standard DC electric vehicle chargers?
Publish Time: 2024-08-22
The performance requirements of EU standard DC electric vehicle chargers usually include the following aspects:
Electrical performance:
Input power supply characteristics: Able to adapt to common voltage and frequency fluctuations of European power grids, such as different voltages such as 220V, 230V and frequencies such as 50Hz that may exist in different countries, to ensure stable operation.
Output power supply characteristics:
Output voltage: A DC voltage that meets the charging requirements of electric vehicles should be provided, and the voltage accuracy should be high. For example, the common output voltage range may cover hundreds of volts to thousands of volts (such as 400V - 800V, etc.) to meet the requirements of different types of electric vehicles.
Output current: With adjustable output current capability, it can provide appropriate charging current according to the needs of electric vehicles, such as from a few amperes to hundreds of amperes, to meet the requirements of different charging speeds, such as fast charging mode and normal charging mode.
Output power: Meet certain power requirements to ensure that enough power can be charged into the electric vehicle battery within a reasonable time. The power size may vary according to different application scenarios and user needs.
Voltage ripple: The ripple factor of the output voltage should be low to reduce damage to electric vehicle batteries and electronic equipment and ensure the stability and reliability of the charging process. The ripple factor is usually required to be within a certain percentage range (such as less than 5%).
Efficiency: During the charging process, the charger should have a high energy conversion efficiency to reduce energy waste and heat generation. Generally, the efficiency is required to be above a certain percentage (such as 85%, 90%, etc.). High efficiency can not only reduce operating costs, but also be beneficial to environmental protection.
Electrical grounding and insulation: The electrical grounding of the charger must be reliable to ensure that the current can be safely introduced into the earth in the event of an electrical fault to prevent the risk of electric shock to the user. At the same time, the insulation performance must be good, and the insulation resistance should reach the specified resistance value (such as greater than 1000Ω/V, etc.) to avoid dangerous situations such as leakage and electrical short circuit.
Electrical protection: It has complete electrical protection functions, such as overvoltage protection, overcurrent protection, undervoltage protection, short circuit protection, leakage protection, etc.
Overvoltage protection: When the output voltage exceeds the set safety upper limit, the charger can automatically cut off the output or adjust the output voltage to prevent damage to the electric vehicle battery and electronic equipment.
Overcurrent protection: If the charging current exceeds the rated value, the charger should be able to take timely measures, such as limiting the current or stopping charging, to avoid dangers such as overheating of the line, damage to the charger or fire caused by overload.
Undervoltage protection: When the input voltage is lower than the set lower limit, the charger should stop working or issue an alarm to prevent invalid charging or damage to the charger under low voltage conditions.
Short circuit protection: When a short circuit fault occurs at the output end, the charger can quickly cut off the output to protect the charger and electric vehicle circuit from damage.
Leakage protection: When leakage is detected, the charger can immediately cut off the power supply to ensure the safety of the user.
Fault mode test: The charger should be able to operate safely and reliably or stop charging in various fault modes (such as damage to internal components of the charger, communication failure, abnormal temperature, etc.), and issue a fault alarm signal in time so that users and maintenance personnel can handle it in time.
Communication performance:
Communication protocol: Supports commonly used European electric vehicle communication protocols, such as ISO/IEC 15118, etc., to ensure effective data exchange and communication between the charger and the electric vehicle, and realize functions such as negotiation of charging parameters, monitoring of charging status, and transmission of control instructions.
Data transmission rate and accuracy: During the communication process, there should be sufficient data transmission rate to ensure real-time requirements, while ensuring the accuracy and reliability of data transmission to avoid data loss or errors, so that electric vehicles and chargers can accurately understand each other's status and needs.
Compatibility: It has good compatibility with electric vehicles of different brands and models, can correctly identify and adapt to the communication protocols and charging requirements of various electric vehicles, realize plug-and-play charging or start charging through simple settings, and provide convenience for users.
Safety performance:
Mechanical safety:
Shell protection: The shell of the charger should have sufficient strength and protection level, generally requiring IP54 or higher protection level, which can effectively prevent dust, water and other foreign matter from entering the charger, avoid damage to internal circuits and components, and prevent users from contacting live parts.
Stable structure: The overall structural design should be stable and reliable, and be able to withstand various mechanical stresses during normal use, such as tension and pressure when plugging and unplugging the charging gun, as well as possible collisions and vibrations, to prevent deformation, damage or loosening of the charger, and ensure the safety of the charging process.
Safe connection of the charging gun: The connection between the charging gun and the electric vehicle should be reasonably designed to ensure that the connection is firm and not easy to loosen or fall off, and to maintain stable electrical contact during the charging process, while avoiding safety hazards such as heating and arcing caused by poor connection. The charging gun should also have an anti-misplug function to prevent users from plugging and unplugging the charging gun into an incompatible vehicle interface or plugging and unplugging in incorrect circumstances.
Thermal management:
Temperature monitoring: Equipped with devices such as temperature sensors, it can monitor the temperature of key components inside the charger (such as transformers, power modules, circuit boards, etc.) and charging gun interfaces in real time.
Temperature control: When the temperature exceeds the set safety threshold, the charger should be able to automatically take heat dissipation measures, such as starting the fan to dissipate heat, reducing the output power, etc., to prevent the charger from being damaged or causing fire due to excessive temperature. In low temperature environments, the charger should also be able to work normally or have an appropriate preheating function to ensure that the charging performance is not affected.
Overheating protection: If the temperature continues to rise to the point of severe overheating, the charger should have an overheating protection function, immediately cut off the power supply, stop charging, and issue an alarm to remind the user. Charging can only be restarted after the temperature returns to normal.
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC):
Electromagnetic radiation: The electromagnetic radiation generated by the charger during operation should be controlled within the specified range and will not interfere with surrounding electronic equipment, communication systems, and other sensitive equipment to ensure the normal operation of other equipment. For example, it should comply with relevant European electromagnetic radiation standards, such as CISPR 25 and other standards, to ensure that when the charger is used near the vehicle, it will not affect the vehicle's electronic systems (such as radios, navigation systems, on-board computers, etc.) and other electronic equipment in the surrounding environment.
Anti-electromagnetic interference: The charger should have a certain anti-electromagnetic interference capability, and be able to work stably in the presence of various electromagnetic interference sources (such as electromagnetic fields of other electrical equipment, radio signals, etc.) around it, and will not be affected by external electromagnetic interference and cause problems such as misoperation, communication failures, or performance degradation. For example, when encountering transient pulses, harmonics and other interferences in the power grid, the charger should be able to work normally or take corresponding protective measures to ensure the continuity and stability of the charging process.
Reliability and durability:
Mean time between failures (MTBF): It has a long mean time between failures, usually required to be tens of thousands of hours or even higher, to ensure that the charger can operate stably for a long time under normal use conditions, reduce the frequency of failures, and reduce the user's use and maintenance costs.
Service life: Under normal use and maintenance, the overall service life of the charger should reach a certain number of years (such as 5 years, 10 years, etc.), and the life of key components (such as power modules, capacitors, inductors, etc.) should also meet the corresponding requirements. This requires that the materials and components used in the charger are of reliable quality and have undergone rigorous reliability testing and verification.
Environmental adaptability:
Temperature range: It can work normally under climatic conditions in different regions of Europe, including maintaining stable performance in high temperature environments (such as 40℃ and above) and low temperature environments (such as -20℃ and below). Under extreme temperature conditions, the performance indicators of the charger (such as output power, efficiency, electrical safety, etc.) should not be significantly affected, and should be able to quickly return to normal working state after the temperature returns to normal.
Humidity: Adapt to different humidity environments. For example, in humid areas (relative humidity is high), the charger should have good moisture resistance to prevent problems such as internal circuit corrosion and insulation performance degradation caused by moisture intrusion. At the same time, it can also work normally in a dry environment, and will not affect performance or safety due to problems such as static electricity accumulation.
Altitude: For some chargers that may be used in high-altitude areas, they should be able to operate normally within the corresponding altitude range (such as 2000 meters, 3000 meters above sea level, etc.), and their electrical performance and heat dissipation effect will not be affected by factors such as air pressure changes.
Protection level: As mentioned above, it has a good shell protection level, which can resist the erosion of environmental factors such as dust, water, and salt spray, ensuring that the charger can still work reliably under various harsh outdoor environmental conditions, and is suitable for different installation locations, such as outdoor parking lots, roadside charging piles, etc.
Durability test: By simulating long-term use, frequent charging cycles, and various possible usage scenarios and stress conditions, the charger is tested for durability to verify its performance stability and reliability during long-term use. For example, multiple plug-in and unplug charging gun tests, long-term continuous charging tests, high and low temperature cycle tests, humidity cycle tests, etc. are carried out to ensure that the charger can still meet various performance requirements after these tests, and there will be no performance degradation or failure due to fatigue, aging, etc.
Other performance requirements:
Charging time: Under the premise of meeting the charging needs of electric vehicles, the charging time should be shortened as much as possible to improve the charging efficiency. For example, for chargers that support fast charging, it should be able to charge a large proportion of electricity (such as 80%, 90%, etc.) for electric vehicles in a short time (such as tens of minutes or even shorter) to meet the user's usage needs and reduce the user's waiting time.
User interface and convenience of operation: It has an intuitive and clear user interface, such as a display screen, indicator lights, etc., which can display various information during the charging process, such as charging voltage, current, power, charging time, charging status, etc., so that users can understand the charging progress and status. The operation mode should be simple and easy to understand, so that users can set charging parameters (such as selecting charging mode, setting charging current, etc.) and start and stop charging, etc., and can be used without complex training.
Maintainability: The design of the charger should be convenient for daily maintenance and troubleshooting. For example, with a modular design, when a component fails, it can be easily replaced and repaired without large-scale disassembly and repair of the entire charger. At the same time, detailed maintenance manuals and technical support should be provided to facilitate maintenance personnel to carry out maintenance and repair work, reducing maintenance costs and time costs.
Intelligent functions (some high-end products): Some high-end DC electric vehicle chargers may have intelligent functions, such as remote monitoring and management through Internet connection. Users can remotely view the working status and charging progress of the charger through mobile phone APP, etc., and even remotely control the start and stop of the charger. The charger can also have an intelligent charging scheduling function, which automatically selects the best charging time and charging power according to the load of the power grid, the charging needs of the electric vehicle and the user's settings, and realizes orderly charging to improve the utilization efficiency and stability of the power grid, while reducing the charging cost of users. In addition, smart chargers may also have the ability to interact and work more deeply with the battery management system (BMS) of electric vehicles to optimize the charging process based on the status and characteristics of the battery and extend the battery life.
